I-Aqueous Solutions
nAqueous
solutions are homogenous mixtures that are prepared by dissolving a solid,
liquid or gas in an aqueous medium (vehicle; water, aromatic water, syrup or
extracts).
1-Aromatic Water (medicated waters):It is clear saturated aqueous solution of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances.
1-Aromatic Water (medicated waters):It is clear saturated aqueous solution of volatile oils or other aromatic or volatile substances.
nTheir odors and tastes are similar to the volatile
substances from which they are prepared.
nIt should be free from empyreumatic(smoke like) and
other foreign odors. nUsed
as flavored vehicles.
Aromatic water is prepared by one of 2 official methods:
Aromatic water is prepared by one of 2 official methods:
A-Distillation (steam
distillation):
nDrug
:distiIIate ratio
•For
fresh drugs; From I: 2 to 2: l
•For
dried drugs:-e.g. cinnamon, anise and caraway (1:10)
•For dried leaf drug:-e.g.
peppermint (3:10 )
nMethod
1.The
drug is ground and mixed with sufficient quantity of purified H2O in the
distillation unit.
2.After
distillation,excess oil in the distillate is removed.
3.The drug shouldn't be
exposed to direct heat, as the distilled aromatic water may have the odor of carbonized substance.
nIf the volatile principle in the water are
delicate and present in small quantities (e.g., as in orange flower and rose waters),
the distillate is returned several times to the still with fresh portions of
flowers, thus, giving rise to the commercial terms double distilled, triple
distilled, or quadruple distilled, according to the number of re-distillations.
This process is called "Cohobation".
nStronger
Rose Water NF is an example of aromatic water prepared by distillation.
B. Solution
nAromatic water may be prepared by repeatedly
shaking 2 g or 2 ml of the volatile substance with 1000 ml of purified water.
nThe mixture is set aside for 12 hours, filtered through wetted filter paper, and made to volume (1000 ml) by adding purified water through the filter.
nThe system must be protected from light (dark amber color container).
e.g.,Chloroform Water:It is a saturated solution of chloroform, freshly prepared by dissolving 2.5 ml of chloroform in 1 liter of distilled water by vigorous shaking in well closed, dark colored bottle.
nIt is used as sedative in cough, asthma and colic mixtures and as vehicle.
Rose water;It is a clear saturated aqueous solution of rose oil prepared by distillation
nUsed as carminative and antispasmodic
Disadvantages of aromatic water: 1.Deteriorate easily due to volatilization, decomposition or mold growth so they should be made in small quantities and protected from light and heat by storing in air tight and light resistant containers in a cool place. 2. If soluble salt is added, it causes salting out of the oil (incompatibility) so to solve this problem part of aromatic water is replaced by purified water.
N.B.The chemical composition of many of the natural volatile oils used in the preparation of pharmaceutical and cosmetics is now known. Therefore many synthetic substitutes are now available
nThe mixture is set aside for 12 hours, filtered through wetted filter paper, and made to volume (1000 ml) by adding purified water through the filter.
nThe system must be protected from light (dark amber color container).
e.g.,Chloroform Water:It is a saturated solution of chloroform, freshly prepared by dissolving 2.5 ml of chloroform in 1 liter of distilled water by vigorous shaking in well closed, dark colored bottle.
nIt is used as sedative in cough, asthma and colic mixtures and as vehicle.
Rose water;It is a clear saturated aqueous solution of rose oil prepared by distillation
nUsed for
external preparations
Peppermint water:It is a clear saturated
aqueous solution of peppermint oil. nUsed as carminative and antispasmodic
Disadvantages of aromatic water: 1.Deteriorate easily due to volatilization, decomposition or mold growth so they should be made in small quantities and protected from light and heat by storing in air tight and light resistant containers in a cool place. 2. If soluble salt is added, it causes salting out of the oil (incompatibility) so to solve this problem part of aromatic water is replaced by purified water.
N.B.The chemical composition of many of the natural volatile oils used in the preparation of pharmaceutical and cosmetics is now known. Therefore many synthetic substitutes are now available
2 -DOUCHES
Douche is an aqueous solution directed against a part or into a cavity of the body for cleansing or antiseptic actions.
nDouches may be dispensed in the form of a powder with directions for dissolving in a specified quantity of water (usually warm). However, tablets for preparing solutions are available (e.g., Dobell's Solution Tablets).
nIf powders or tablets are supplied, they must be free from insoluble material in order to produce a clear solution.
Dobell’s solution (Compound Na borate solution);
Sodium borate (Borax, sod. Tetraborate) is used in preparation of compound Na borate solution, in presence of water, sod.metaborate, boric acid and sod. hydroxid is formed
Na2B4O7 + 3 H2O 2 NaBO2+2H3BO3
NaBO2+ 2H2O Na OH + H3BO3
Dobell’s solutionhas been used as a nasal or pharyngeal douche.
1.Antimicrobial agent (benzalkonium chloride & parabens)
2.Astringent (ZnS04,potassium alum)
3.Anaesthetics (phenol & menthol)
4.Surface active agent (sod lauryl S04)
5.Substance to change pH (sod bicarbonate or citric acid)
3. Enema
•Enema preparations are rectal injections employed to evacuate the bowel (evacuation enema), systemic absorption, or to affect a local disease (Retention enema).
Douche is an aqueous solution directed against a part or into a cavity of the body for cleansing or antiseptic actions.
nDouches may be dispensed in the form of a powder with directions for dissolving in a specified quantity of water (usually warm). However, tablets for preparing solutions are available (e.g., Dobell's Solution Tablets).
nIf powders or tablets are supplied, they must be free from insoluble material in order to produce a clear solution.
Dobell’s solution (Compound Na borate solution);
Sodium borate (Borax, sod. Tetraborate) is used in preparation of compound Na borate solution, in presence of water, sod.metaborate, boric acid and sod. hydroxid is formed
Na2B4O7 + 3 H2O 2 NaBO2+2H3BO3
NaBO2+ 2H2O Na OH + H3BO3
Dobell’s solutionhas been used as a nasal or pharyngeal douche.
nAn eye
douche Used to remove foreign particles and
discharges from the eyes
nPharyngeal
Douches Are used to prepare the interior of the
throat for an operation and cleanse it. nVaginal
douches Are the most common type of douche and used
for cleansing the vagina and hygienic purposes. Ingredients vaginal douches.
2.Astringent (ZnS04,potassium alum)
3.Anaesthetics (phenol & menthol)
4.Surface active agent (sod lauryl S04)
5.Substance to change pH (sod bicarbonate or citric acid)
3. Enema
•Enema preparations are rectal injections employed to evacuate the bowel (evacuation enema), systemic absorption, or to affect a local disease (Retention enema).
•Evacuation enema;
nUsually are given in quantities of 1 to 2 pt, at body temperature, and slowly injected by syringe.
nE.g. Sod. Phosphate enema USP
Each 100 ml of the enema contains
Dibasic sod. Phosphate heptahydrate6 gm
Monobasic sod. Phosphate monohydrate 16 gm
nE.g., Soap enema BPC
Soft soap 50 gm
Purified water to 1000 ml
•Retention enema;
nRetained in the intestine for systemic or local effect.
nShould not be used in large quantities than 150 ml for adult.
•Systemic effect enema (Microenema)
–Microenema; small volume preparation, vehicles used in formulation contains small quantities of alcohol or propylene glycol) E.g., aminophylline, indomethacin, valproic acid and metronidazol enemas.
•Local effect enema;
–E.g., Sulfasalazine rectal enema used for treatment of ulcerative colitis –Barium sulfate enema contains 120 gm barium sulfate, 100 ml of acacia mucilage in starch enema to make 500 ml. Used for diagnostic purposes.
–Starch enema :A thin paste is made by triturating 30 g of powdered starch with200ml of cold water. Sufficient boiling water is added to make 1000ml. Starch enema may be used as soothing or as a vehicle for other forms of medication.
4. Gargles
•Gargles are aqueous solutions containing antiseptics, antibiotics, and or anesthetics. Used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle that is held in the throat then the gargle is expectorated.
•Many Gargles must be diluted with water prior to use.
E.g., Potassium chlorate and phenol gargle.
nContain pot. Chlorate-phenol diluted by 10 volume warm water before use & should be labeled to warn from swallowing.
E.g., A flavored solution containing 7.5% povidone-iodine and 35% alcoholis available commercially as a mouth-wash or gargles after suitable dilution.
5.Mouthwashes
•Mouthwashes are aqueous solution intended washout the mouth, used for two purposes, therapeutic and cosmetic.
Therapeutic Mouthwashes
•to reduce plaque, gingivitis, dental caries, and stomatitis.
Cosmetic Mouthwashes
•to reduce bad breath through the use of antimicrobial and or flavoring agents.
•Mouthwashes generally contain four groups of excipients:
nAlcohol
nSurfactants
nFlavors
nColoring agents
6. Juices
•A juice is prepared from fresh ripe fruit and is used in making syrups that are employed as vehicles.
nThe freshly expressed juice is preserved with benzoic acid and allowed to stand at room temperature for several days , until pectin that naturally are present are destroyed by enzymatic action, as indicated by the filtered juice yielding a clear solution with alcohol.
nPectin if allowed to retain, would cause precipitation in the final syrup.
•Cherry Juice and Raspberry Juiceare used as flavored vehicles.
•Artificial flavors now have been replaced many of the natural fruit juices. Although they lack the flavor of the natural juice, they are more stable and easier to incorporate into the final product.
7.Nasal solution
•Aqueous solution to be administrated to the nasal passages in drops or sprays for;
•Local effect e.g.;
nLocal sympathomimeticeffect such as Ephedrine Sulfate or Naphazoline.
nHydrochloride Nasal Solution USP to reduce nasal congestion
•systemic effect e.g.;
nLypressinNasal Solution USP and OxytocinNasal Solution USP and calcitoninnasal spray.
nPoorly GIT absorbed Drugs; gentamycin
nDrug that are inactivated in the GIT; Insulin
•The aqueous nasal solutions usually are isotonic and slightly buffered to maintain a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. In addition, antimicrobial preservatives and stabilizers, if required, are included in the formulation.
•A formula for Ephedrine Nasal Drops is:
Ephedrine Hydrochloride 0.5g
Chlorobutanol0.5g
Sodium Chloride0.5g
Water for preparations to 100 ml
8.Otic solution
Aqueous solution for topical administration to ear.
•The main classes of drugs used for topical administration to the ear include;
nAnalgesics, e.g., benzoicaine
nAntibiotics; e.g., neomycin
nAnti-inflammatory agents e.g., cortisone.
•The main solvents used include;
nWater and or Viscous liquids like glycerin or propylene glycol
•permit drug to remain in the ear for long time
•Hygroscopic so remove water from the tissue & reduce swelling.)
•To remove cerumen (ear wax) (alone or with propylene glycol and SAA)
•The patient should remain on his side for few minutes otherwise the drop run out of the ear.
•Sodium Bicarbonate Ear-Drops BP may be used if wax is to be removed from the ear.
R / Sod. bicarbonate 5gm
Glycerin 33 ml
Water to 100 ml
9.Sweet and other viscid aqueous solutions
•These preparations include syrups, mucilages, honeys and jellies.
•Sweetness & viscosity is given by
1-Sugars
2-Polyols
3-Polysaccharide (gums)
nUsually are given in quantities of 1 to 2 pt, at body temperature, and slowly injected by syringe.
nE.g. Sod. Phosphate enema USP
Each 100 ml of the enema contains
Dibasic sod. Phosphate heptahydrate6 gm
Monobasic sod. Phosphate monohydrate 16 gm
nE.g., Soap enema BPC
Soft soap 50 gm
Purified water to 1000 ml
•Retention enema;
nRetained in the intestine for systemic or local effect.
nShould not be used in large quantities than 150 ml for adult.
•Systemic effect enema (Microenema)
–Microenema; small volume preparation, vehicles used in formulation contains small quantities of alcohol or propylene glycol) E.g., aminophylline, indomethacin, valproic acid and metronidazol enemas.
•Local effect enema;
–E.g., Sulfasalazine rectal enema used for treatment of ulcerative colitis –Barium sulfate enema contains 120 gm barium sulfate, 100 ml of acacia mucilage in starch enema to make 500 ml. Used for diagnostic purposes.
–Starch enema :A thin paste is made by triturating 30 g of powdered starch with200ml of cold water. Sufficient boiling water is added to make 1000ml. Starch enema may be used as soothing or as a vehicle for other forms of medication.
4. Gargles
•Gargles are aqueous solutions containing antiseptics, antibiotics, and or anesthetics. Used for treating the pharynx and nasopharynx by forcing air from the lungs through the gargle that is held in the throat then the gargle is expectorated.
•Many Gargles must be diluted with water prior to use.
E.g., Potassium chlorate and phenol gargle.
nContain pot. Chlorate-phenol diluted by 10 volume warm water before use & should be labeled to warn from swallowing.
E.g., A flavored solution containing 7.5% povidone-iodine and 35% alcoholis available commercially as a mouth-wash or gargles after suitable dilution.
5.Mouthwashes
•Mouthwashes are aqueous solution intended washout the mouth, used for two purposes, therapeutic and cosmetic.
Therapeutic Mouthwashes
•to reduce plaque, gingivitis, dental caries, and stomatitis.
Cosmetic Mouthwashes
•to reduce bad breath through the use of antimicrobial and or flavoring agents.
•Mouthwashes generally contain four groups of excipients:
nAlcohol
nSurfactants
nFlavors
nColoring agents
6. Juices
•A juice is prepared from fresh ripe fruit and is used in making syrups that are employed as vehicles.
nThe freshly expressed juice is preserved with benzoic acid and allowed to stand at room temperature for several days , until pectin that naturally are present are destroyed by enzymatic action, as indicated by the filtered juice yielding a clear solution with alcohol.
nPectin if allowed to retain, would cause precipitation in the final syrup.
•Cherry Juice and Raspberry Juiceare used as flavored vehicles.
•Artificial flavors now have been replaced many of the natural fruit juices. Although they lack the flavor of the natural juice, they are more stable and easier to incorporate into the final product.
7.Nasal solution
•Aqueous solution to be administrated to the nasal passages in drops or sprays for;
•Local effect e.g.;
nLocal sympathomimeticeffect such as Ephedrine Sulfate or Naphazoline.
nHydrochloride Nasal Solution USP to reduce nasal congestion
•systemic effect e.g.;
nLypressinNasal Solution USP and OxytocinNasal Solution USP and calcitoninnasal spray.
nPoorly GIT absorbed Drugs; gentamycin
nDrug that are inactivated in the GIT; Insulin
•The aqueous nasal solutions usually are isotonic and slightly buffered to maintain a pH of 5.5 to 6.5. In addition, antimicrobial preservatives and stabilizers, if required, are included in the formulation.
•A formula for Ephedrine Nasal Drops is:
Ephedrine Hydrochloride 0.5g
Chlorobutanol0.5g
Sodium Chloride0.5g
Water for preparations to 100 ml
8.Otic solution
Aqueous solution for topical administration to ear.
•The main classes of drugs used for topical administration to the ear include;
nAnalgesics, e.g., benzoicaine
nAntibiotics; e.g., neomycin
nAnti-inflammatory agents e.g., cortisone.
•The main solvents used include;
nWater and or Viscous liquids like glycerin or propylene glycol
•permit drug to remain in the ear for long time
•Hygroscopic so remove water from the tissue & reduce swelling.)
•To remove cerumen (ear wax) (alone or with propylene glycol and SAA)
•The patient should remain on his side for few minutes otherwise the drop run out of the ear.
•Sodium Bicarbonate Ear-Drops BP may be used if wax is to be removed from the ear.
R / Sod. bicarbonate 5gm
Glycerin 33 ml
Water to 100 ml
9.Sweet and other viscid aqueous solutions
•These preparations include syrups, mucilages, honeys and jellies.
•Sweetness & viscosity is given by
1-Sugars
2-Polyols
3-Polysaccharide (gums)
